Stratification of complexity in congenital heart surgery: comparative study of the Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS-1) method, Aristotle basic score and Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardio- Thoracic Surgery (STS-EACTS) mortality score.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether stratification of complexity models in congenital heart surgery (RACHS-1, Aristotle basic score and STS-EACTS mortality score) fit to our center and determine the best method of discriminating hospital mortality. METHODS: Surgical procedures in congenital heart diseases in patients under 18 years of age were allocated to the categories proposed by the stratification of complexity methods currently available. The outcome hospital mortality was calculated for each category from the three models. Statistical analysis was performed to verify whether the categories presented different mortalities. The discriminatory ability of the models was determined by calculating the area under the ROC curve and a comparison between the curves of the three models was performed. RESULTS: 360 patients were allocated according to the three methods. There was a statistically significant difference between the mortality categories: RACHS-1 (1) - 1.3%, (2) - 11.4%, (3)-27.3%, (4) - 50 %, (P<0.001); Aristotle basic score (1) - 1.1%, (2) - 12.2%, (3) - 34%, (4) - 64.7%, (P<0.001); and STS-EACTS mortality score (1) - 5.5 %, (2) - 13.6%, (3) - 18.7%, (4) - 35.8%, (P<0.001). The three models had similar accuracy by calculating the area under the ROC curve: RACHS-1- 0.738; STS-EACTS-0.739; Aristotle- 0.766. CONCLUSION: The three models of stratification of complexity currently available in the literature are useful with different mortalities between the proposed categories with similar discriminatory capacity for hospital mortality.

Stratification of complexity in congenital heart surgery: comparative study of the Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS-1) method, Aristotle basic score and Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardio- Thoracic Surgery (STS-EACTS) mortality score / Estratificação da complexidade em cirurgias de cardiopatias congênitas: comparação dos modelos Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS-1), escore básico de Aristóteles e escore de mortalidade da Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (STS-EACTS)

Abstract Objective: To determine whether stratification of complexity models in congenital heart surgery (RACHS-1, Aristotle basic score and STS-EACTS mortality score) fit to our center and determine the best method of discriminating hospital mortality. Methods: Surgical procedures in congenital heart diseases in patients under 18 years of age were allocated to the categories proposed by the stratification of complexity methods currently available. The outcome hospital mortality was calculated for each category from the three models. Statistical analysis was performed to verify whether the categories presented different mortalities. The discriminatory ability of the models was determined by calculating the area under the ROC curve and a comparison between the curves of the three models was performed. Results: 360 patients were allocated according to the three methods. There was a statistically significant difference between the mortality categories: RACHS-1 (1) - 1.3%, (2) - 11.4%, (3)-27.3%, (4) - 50 %, (P<0.001); Aristotle basic score (1) - 1.1%, (2) - 12.2%, (3) - 34%, (4) - 64.7%, (P<0.001); and STS-EACTS mortality score (1) - 5.5 %, (2) - 13.6%, (3) - 18.7%, (4) - 35.8%, (P<0.001). The three models had similar accuracy by calculating the area under the ROC curve: RACHS-1- 0.738; STS-EACTS-0.739; Aristotle- 0.766. Conclusion: The three models of stratification of complexity currently available in the literature are useful with different mortalities between the proposed categories with similar discriminatory capacity for hospital mortality. .

Resumo Objetivo: Verificar se os modelos de estratificação da complexidade em cirurgias de cardiopatias congênitas atualmente disponíveis (RACHS-1, escore básico de Aristóteles e escore de mortalidade do STS-EACTS) se adequam ao nosso serviço, determinando o de melhor acurácia em discriminar a mortalidade hospitalar. Métodos: Procedimentos em pacientes menores de 18 anos foram alocados nas categorias propostas pelos modelos de estratificação da complexidade. O desfecho de mortalidade hospitalar foi calculado para cada categoria dos três modelos. Análise estatística foi realizada para verificar se as categorias apresentavam distintas mortalidades dentro de cada modelo. A capacidade discriminatória dos modelos foi determinada pelo cálculo de área sob a curva ROC e uma comparação entre as curvas dos três modelos foi realizada. Resultados: 360 pacientes foram alocados pelos três modelos. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as mortalidades das categorias propostas pelos modelos de RACHS-1 (1) - 1,3%, (2) - 11,4%, (3) - 27,3%, (4) - 50%, (P<0,001); escore básico de Aristóteles (1) - 1,1%, (2) - 12,2%, (3) - 34%, (4) - 64,7%, (P<0,001); e escore de mortalidade do STS-EACTS (1) - 5,5%, (2) - 13,6%, (3) - 18,7%, (4) - 35,8%, (P<0,001). Os três modelos tiveram semelhante capacidade discriminatória para o desfecho de mortalidade hospitalar pelo cálculo da área sob a curva ROC: RACHS-1- 0,738; STS-EACTS- 0,739; Aristóteles- 0,766. Conclusão: Os três modelos de estratificação da complexidade atualmente disponíveis na literatura tiveram utilidade com distintas mortalidades entre as categorias propostas, com semelhante capacidade discriminatória para o desfecho de mortalidade hospitalar. .

Pulmonary valve replacement after operative repair of tetralogy of Fallot: meta-analysis and meta-regression of 3,118 patients from 48 studies.

Because the real benefit of pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot who develop pulmonary insufficiency remains unclear, it is necessary to analyze the evidence published around the world. We performed a systematic review of studies that reported data about the effect of PVR in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot that developed pulmonary insufficiency, until December 2012. The variables chosen to represent the benefit were both right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular measures, QRS duration, and functional class. The principal summary measures were difference in means with 95% confidence interval and p values (considered statistically significant when p < 0.05). The differences in means were combined across studies with the weighted DerSimonian-Laird random effects model. Meta-analysis, sensitivity analysis, and meta-regression were completed with the software Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (version 2, Biostat, Inc., Englewood, New Jersey). Forty-eight studies involving 3,118 patients met the eligibility criteria. The pooled 30-day mortality was 0.87% (47 studies; 27 of 3,100 patients); the pooled 5-year mortality was 2.2% (24 studies; 49 of 2,231 patients); the pooled 5-year re-PVR was 4.9% (15 studies; 88 of 1,798 patients). The results of this meta-analysis demonstrate that after PVR: 1) the RV experiences improvement of its volumes and function; 2) the left ventricle experiences improvement of its function; 3) QRS duration decreases; 4) symptoms improve; 5) pre-operative RV geometry modulates the effect of PVR; and 6) there is important heterogeneity of the effects among the studies, and few publication biases. In conclusion, PVR seems to be a positive approach in the analyzed scenario.

Risk factors for low cardiac output syndrome after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.

OBJECTIVES: Low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) is a serious complication after cardiac surgery and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to identify risk factors for LCOS in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE (Recife, PE, Brazil). METHODS: A historical prospective study comprising 605 consecutive patients operated between May 2007 and December 2010. We evaluated 12 preoperative and 7 intraoperative variables. We applied univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The incidence of LCOS was 14.7% (n = 89), with a lethality rate of 52.8% (n = 47). In multivariate analysis by logistic regression, four variables remained as independent risk factors: age > 60 years (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.20 to 6.14, P = 0.009), on-pump CABG (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.40 to 7.08, P = 0.006), emergency surgery (OR 4.71, 95% CI 1.34 to 26.55, P = 0.028), incomplete revascularization (OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.32 to 5.86, P = 0.003), and ejection fraction <50%. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified the following independent risk factors for LCOS after CABG: age> 60 years of off-pump CABG, emergency surgery, incomplete CABG and ejection fraction <50%.

Risk factors for low cardiac output syndrome after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery / Fatores de risco para síndrome de baixo débito cardíaco após cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica

OBJECTIVES: Low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) is a serious complication after cardiac surgery and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to identify risk factors for LCOS in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE (Recife, PE, Brazil). METHODS: A historical prospective study comprising 605 consecutive patients operated between May 2007 and December 2010. We evaluated 12 preoperative and 7 intraoperative variables. We applied univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The incidence of LCOS was 14.7% (n = 89), with a lethality rate of 52.8% (n = 47). In multivariate analysis by logistic regression, four variables remained as independent risk factors: age > 60 years (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.20 to 6.14, P = 0.009), on-pump CABG (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.40 to 7.08, P = 0.006), emergency surgery (OR 4.71, 95% CI 1.34 to 26.55, P = 0.028), incomplete revascularization (OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.32 to 5.86, P = 0.003), and ejection fraction <50%. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified the following independent risk factors for LCOS after CABG: age> 60 years of off-pump CABG, emergency surgery, incomplete CABG and ejection fraction <50%.

OBJETIVOS: A síndrome de baixo débito cardíaco (SBDC) é uma complicação grave após cirurgias cardíacas, estando associada à significativa morbidade e mortalidade. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar fatores de risco para SBDC em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM), na Divisão de Cirurgia Cardiovascular do Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE (Recife, PE, Brasil). MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo histórico compreendendo 605 pacientes consecutivos operados entre maio de 2007 e dezembro de 2010. Avaliaram-se 12 variáveis pré-operatórias e sete variáveis intraoperatórias. Aplicaram-se análises univariada e multivariada por regressão logística. RESULTADOS: A incidência de SBDC foi de 14,7% (n = 89), com taxa de letalidade de 52,8% (n = 47). Na análise multivariada por regressão logística, quatro variáveis permaneceram como fatores de risco independentes: idade > 60 anos (OR 2.00, IC 95% 1,20 a 6,14, P = 0,009), CRM com circulação extracorpórea (OR 2,16, IC 95% 1,40 a 7,08, P = 0,006), cirurgia de emergência (OR 4,71, IC 95% 1,34 a 26,55, P = 0,028), CRM incompleta (OR 2,62, IC 95% 1,32 a 5,86, P = 0,003) e fração de ejeção < 50% (OR 1,87, IC 95% 1,17 a 3,98, P = 0,007). CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo identificou os seguintes fatores de risco independentes para SBDC após CRM: idade > 60 anos, CRM com CEC, cirurgia de emergência, CRM incompleta e fração de ejeção < 50%.

Perioperative mortality in diabetic patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors for in-hospital death in diabetic patients undergoing isolated Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study with 305 consecutive diabetic patients undergoing CABG in the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of our institution from April 2004 to April 2010. Univariate analysis for categorical variables was performed with the chi-square or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. Potential risk factors with p <0.05 in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis, which was performed by backward logistic regression. Values of p <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The study population had a mean age of 61.44 years (± 9.81) and 65.6% (n=200) were male. The in-hospital mortality rate was 11.8% (n=36). The following independent risk factors for death were identified: on-pump CABG (OR 6.15, 95% CI 1.57 to 24.03, P=0.009) and low cardiac output in the postoperative period (OR 34.17, 95% CI 10.46 to 111.62, P <0.001). The use of internal thoracic artery (ITA) was an independent protective factor for death (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.093, P=0.038). CONCLUSION: This study identified the following independent risk factors for death after CABG: on-pump CABG and low cardiac output syndrome. The use of ITA was an independent protective factor.

Mortalidade perioperatória em diabéticos submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica / Perioperative mortality in diabetic patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery

OBJETIVO: Investigar fatores de risco para óbito intra-hospitalar em diabéticos submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica isolada. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 305 pacientes. Foram avaliadas média de idade, taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar, uso de circulação extracorpórea, débito cardíaco no período pós-operatório e uso da artéria torácica interna. Análise univariada para variáveis categóricas foi executada com teste qui-quadrado de Pearson ou exato de Fisher, conforme apropriado. Potenciais fatores de risco com valor de P <0,05 na análise univariada foram incluídos na análise multivariada, que foi realizada por regressão logística backward. Valores de P <0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. RESULTADOS: A população estudada apresentou média de idade de 61,44 anos (±9,81), sendo 65,6% (n=200) do sexo masculino. A taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 11,8% (n=36). Os fatores de risco independentes para óbito mostraram: uso de circulação extracorpórea OR 6,15; IC 95% 1,57-24,03; P=0,009 e baixo débito cardíaco no período pós-operatório com OR 34,17; IC 95% 10,46-111,62; P<0,001. O uso de artéria torácica interna foi fator protetor independente para óbito com OR 0,27; IC 95% 0,08-0,093; P=0,038. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo identificou como fatores de risco independentes para óbito após a operação o uso de circulação extracorpórea e síndrome de baixo débito cardíaco. O uso da artéria torácica inerna foi fator protetor independente.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors for in-hospital death in diabetic patients undergoing isolated Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study with 305 consecutive diabetic patients undergoing CABG in the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of our institution from April 2004 to April 2010. Univariate analysis for categorical variables was performed with the chi-square or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. Potential risk factors with p <0.05 in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis, which was performed by backward logistic regression. Values of p <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The study population had a mean age of 61.44 years (± 9.81) and 65.6% (n=200) were male. The in-hospital mortality rate was 11.8% (n=36). The following independent risk factors for death were identified: on-pump CABG (OR 6.15, 95% CI 1.57 to 24.03, P=0.009) and low cardiac output in the postoperative period (OR 34.17, 95% CI 10.46 to 111.62, P <0.001). The use of internal thoracic artery (ITA) was an independent protective factor for death (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.093, P=0.038). CONCLUSION: This study identified the following independent risk factors for death after CABG: on-pump CABG and low cardiac output syndrome. The use of ITA was an independent protective factor.

Predictors of transfusion of packed red blood cells in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery / Preditores de transfusão de concentrado de hemácias em cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica

OBJECTIVES: Finding predictors of blood transfusion may facilitate the most efficient approach for the use of blood bank services in coronary artery bypass grafting procedures. The aim of this retrospective study is to identify preoperative and intraoperative patient characteristics predicting the need for blood transfusion during or after CABG in our local cardiac surgical service. METHODS: 435 patients undergoing isolated first-time CABG were reviewed for their preoperative and intraoperative variables and analyzed postoperative data. Patients were 255 males and 180 females, with mean age 62.01 ± 10.13 years. Regression logistic analysis was used for identifying the strongest perioperative predictors of blood transfusion. RESULTS: Blood transfusion was used in 263 patients (60.5 percent). The mean number of transfused blood products units per patient was 2.27 ± 3.07 (0-23) units. The total number of transfused units of blood products was 983. Univariate analysis identified age >65 years, weight <70 Kg, body mass index <25 Kg/m2, hemoglobin <13mg/dL, hematocrit < 40 percent and ejection fraction <50 percent, use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), not using an internal thoracic artery as a bypass, and multiple bypasses as significant predictors. The strongest predictors using multivariate analysis were hematocrit < 40 percent (OR 2.58; CI 1.62-4.15; P<0.001), CPB use (OR 2.00; CI 1.27-3.17; P=0.003) and multiple bypasses (OR 2.31; CI 1.31-4.08; P=0.036). CONCLUSIONS: The identification of these risk factors leads to better identification of patients with a grater probability of using blood, allocation blood bank resources and cost-effectiveness use of blood products.

OBJETIVOS: Encontrar preditores de hemotransfusão pode facilitar a abordagem mais eficiente para utilização de serviços de banco de sangue em CRM. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar as características dos pacientes pré- e intraoperatórios que predizem necessidade de hemotransfusão durante ou após a revascularização miocárdica. MÉTODOS: 435 pacientes submetidos à CRM isolada pela primeira vez, foram revisados para suas variáveis pré e intra-operatórias e analisados os dados pós-operatórios. Foram 255 homens e 180 mulheres, com idade média 62,01 ± 10,13 anos. Análise de regressão logística foi utilizada para identificar os preditores perioperatórios de hemotransfusão. RESULTADOS: A hemotransfusão foi executada em 263 pacientes (60,5 por cento). O número médio de unidades de hemoderivados por paciente foi de 2,27 ± 3,07 (0-23) unidades. O número total de unidades de hemoderivados foi de 983. A análise univariada identificou idade> 65 anos, peso <70 kg, IMC <25 kg/m2, hemoglobina < 13 mg/dl, hematócrito < 40 por cento e fração de ejeção <50 por cento, uso de circulação extracorpórea (CEC), não usar a artéria torácica interna como bypass, e múltiplos bypasses como preditores significativos. Os preditores mais fortes por meio de análise multivariada foram hematócrito < 40 por cento (OR 2,58; IC 1,62-4,15; P<0,001), o uso da CEC (OR 2,00; IC 1,27-3,17; P=0,003) e múltiplos bypasses (OR 2,31; IC 1,31-4,08; P=0,036). CONCLUSÕES: A identificação desses fatores de risco leva a uma melhor identificação de pacientes com uma probabilidade maior de usar sangue, melhor alocação dos recursos do banco de sangue e o uso custo-efetivo dos hemoderivados.

Skeletonized internal thoracic artery is associated with lower rates of mediastinitis in elderly undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery / Artéria torácica interna esqueletizada está associada a menores taxas de mediastinite em idosos submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mediastinitis is a serious complication of median sternotomy and is associated to significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to identify which option of harvesting internal thoracic artery (ITA), pedicled or skeletonized, is associated with lower rates of mediastinitis after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG) in elderly, in the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of PROCAPE. METHODS: Retrospective study of 160 elderly who underwent consecutive CABG between May 2007 and June 2011. Eleven preoperative variables, four intraoperative variables and eight postoperative variables possibly involved in the development of postoperative mediastinitis were evaluated between two groups: CABG with skeletonized ITA (n=80) and pedicled ITA (n=80). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied. RESULTS: The incidence of mediastinitis was 6.8 percent (n=11), with a lethality rate of 54.5 percent (n=6). The skeletonized ITA group were more exposed than pedicled ITA group to obesity (n=12 vs. n=4; 15 percent vs. 5 percent; P=0.035) and multiple transfusions (n=25 vs. n=11; 31.2 percent vs. 13.7 percent; P=0.008). The pedicled ITA group presented a greater risk of mediastinitis after CABG than skeletonized ITA group (n=10 vs. n=1; 12.5 percent vs. 1.2 percent; Unadjusted OR 11.3; 95 percent CI 1.4 - 241.5; P=0.008). In multivariate analysis, this difference maintained statistically significant (Adjusted OR 5.2; 95 percent CI 1.5-495.8; P=0.012), being considered an independent association. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that elderly should be considered for strategies to minimize risk of infection. In elderly that undergo unilateral ITA, the problem seems to be related to how ITA is harvested. Elderly should always be considered for use of skeletonized ITA.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Mediastinite é séria complicação da esternotomia mediana e está associada a significativa morbidade e mortalidade. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar qual técnica de obtenção da artéria torácica interna (ATI), dissecção pediculada ou esqueletizada, está associada a menores taxas de mediastinite após cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM) em idosos, na Divisão de Cirurgia Cardiovascular do PROCAPE. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 160 idosos submetidos consecutivamente à CRM entre maio/2007 e junho/2011. Onze variáveis pré-operatórias, quatro intraoperatórias e oito pós-operatórias, possivelmente envolvidas no desenvolvimento de mediastinite após CRM, foram avaliadas entre dois grupos: CRM com ATI esqueletizada (n=80) e ATI pediculada (n=80). Análises univariada e multivariada por regressão logística foram aplicadas. RESULTADOS: A incidência de mediastinite foi 6,8 por cento (n=11), com taxa de letalidade de 54,5 por cento (n=6). Grupo ATI esqueletizada foi mais exposto à obesidade (n=12 vs. n=4; 15 por cento vs. 5 por cento, P=0,035) e múltiplas transfusões (n=25 vs. n=11; 31,2 por cento vs. 13,7 por cento; P=0,008) do que grupo ATI pediculada. Grupo ATI pediculada apresentou maior risco de mediastinite após CRM que grupo ATI esqueletizada (n=10 vs. n=1; 12,5 por cento vs. 1,2 por cento; OR não-ajustado 11,3; IC 95 por cento 1,4-241,5; P=0,008). Na análise multivariada, esta diferença manteve-se estatisticamente significativa (OR ajustado 5,2; IC 95 por cento 1,5-495,8; P=0,012), sendo considerada uma associação independente. CONCLUSÕES: Sugerimos que os idosos devem ser considerados para estratégias de minimização de risco de infecção. Em idosos submetidos à CRM com ATI unilateral, o problema parece estar relacionado à forma como a ATI é obtida. Idosos devem ser sempre considerados para o uso de ATI esqueletizada.

Validation of MagedanzSCORE as a predictor of mediastinitis after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the applicability of a new score for predicting mediastinitis - MagedanzSCORE - in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery in the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE. METHODS: Retrospective study involving 500 patients operated between May/2007 and April/2010. The registers contained all the information used to calculate the MagedanzSCORE. The outcome of interest was mediastinitis. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, concordance and accuracy. The accuracy of the model was evaluated by ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve. RESULTS: The incidence of mediastinitis was 5.6%, with a lethality rate of 32.1%. In univariate analysis, the five variables of the MagedanzSCORE were predictors of postoperative mediastinitis: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 6.42; 95.0% CI 2.76-14.96; P<0.001), obesity (OR 3.06; 95.0% CI 1.32-7.09; P=0.009), surgical reintervention (OR 82.40; 95.0% CI 30.40-223.30; P<0.001), multiple transfusion (OR 3.33; 95.0% CI 1.52-7.29; P=0.003) and stable angina class IV or unstable (OR 2.59; 95.0% CI 1.19-7.64; P=0.016) according to Canadian Cardiovascular Society. The score had a sensitivity of 96.4%, specificity of 90.0%, positive predictive value of 36.5%, negative predictive value of 99.8% and 90.4% concordance. The accuracy measured by the area under the ROC curve was 96.2% (95.0% CI 94.5%-97.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The MagedanzSCORE proved to be a simple and objective index, revealing a satisfactory predictor of development of postoperative mediastinitis in patients undergoing CABG surgery at our institution.

Skeletonized left internal thoracic artery is associated with lower rates of mediastinitis in diabetic patients.

BACKGROUND: Mediastinitis is a serious complication of median sternotomy and is associated to significant morbidity and mortality. Diabetes is a feared risk factor for mediastinitis and viewed with caution by cardiovascular surgeons. OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for mediastinitis in diabetics undergoing CABG surgery with use of unilateral ITA in the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE. METHODS: Retrospective study of 157 diabetics operated between May 2007 and April 2010. Nine preoperative variables, five intraoperative variables and seven postoperative variables possibly involved in the development of postoperative mediastinitis were evaluated. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied. RESULTS: The incidence of mediastinitis was 7% (n=11), with a lethality rate of 36.1% (n=4). Variables associated with increased risk of mediastinitis were: use of pedicled ITA (OR 8.25, 95% CI 2.03 to 66.10, P=0.016), postoperative renal complications (OR 5.10, 95% CI 1.03 to 25.62, P=0.049) and re-operation (OR 7.45, 95% CI 1.24 to 42.17, P=0.023). In multivariate analysis using backward logistic regression, only one variable remained as independent risk factor: use of pedicled ITA (OR 7.64, 95% CI 1.95 to 61.6, P=0.048), in comparison to skeletonized ITA. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that diabetics should be considered for strategies to minimize risk of infection. In diabetics that undergo unilateral ITA, the problem seems to be related to how ITA is harvested. Diabetics should always be considered for use of skeletonized ITA.

Risk factors for mediastinitis after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Mediastinitis is a serious complication of median sternotomy and is associated to significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to identify risk factors for mediastinitis in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), without the use of bilateral internal thoracic artery (ITA), at the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE. METHODS: A retrospective study of 500 consecutive patients operated on between May 2007 and April 2010. Ten preoperative variables, seven intraoperative variables and seven postoperative variables possibly involved in the development of postoperative mediastinitis were evaluated. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: The incidence of mediastinitis was 5.6% (n=28), with a lethality rate of 32.1% (n=9). In multivariate analysis using logistic regression, five variables remained as independent risk factors: obesity (OR 2.60, 95% CI 1.11 to 6.68), diabetes (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.18 to 6.65), smoking (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.12 to 4.67), use of pedicled internal thoracic artery (OR 5.17, 95% CI 1.45 to 18.42) and on-pump CABG (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.14 to 5.85). CONCLUSION: This study identified the following independent risk factors for mediastinitis after CABG: obesity, diabetes, smoking, use of pedicled ITA and on-pump CABG.

Validation of MagedanzSCORE as a predictor of mediastinitis after coronary artery bypass graft surgery / Validação do MagedanzSCORE como preditor de mediastinite após cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the applicability of a new score for predicting mediastinitis - MagedanzSCORE - in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery in the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE. METHODS: Retrospective study involving 500 patients operated between May/2007 and April/2010. The registers contained all the information used to calculate the MagedanzSCORE. The outcome of interest was mediastinitis. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, concordance and accuracy. The accuracy of the model was evaluated by ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve. RESULTS: The incidence of mediastinitis was 5.6%, with a lethality rate of 32.1%. In univariate analysis, the five variables of the MagedanzSCORE were predictors of postoperative mediastinitis: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 6.42; 95.0% CI 2.76-14.96; P<0.001), obesity (OR 3.06; 95.0% CI 1.32-7.09; P=0.009), surgical reintervention (OR 82.40; 95.0% CI 30.40-223.30; P<0.001), multiple transfusion (OR 3.33; 95.0% CI 1.52-7.29; P=0.003) and stable angina class IV or unstable (OR 2.59; 95.0% CI 1.19-7.64; P=0.016) according to Canadian Cardiovascular Society. The score had a sensitivity of 96.4%, specificity of 90.0%, positive predictive value of 36.5%, negative predictive value of 99.8% and 90.4% concordance. The accuracy measured by the area under the ROC curve was 96.2% (95.0% CI 94.5%-97.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The MagedanzSCORE proved to be a simple and objective index, revealing a satisfactory predictor of development of postoperative mediastinitis in patients undergoing CABG surgery at our institution.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a aplicabilidade de um novo escore de predição de mediastinite - MagedanzSCORE - em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM) na Divisão de Cirurgia Cardiovascular do Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo envolvendo 500 pacientes operados entre maio/2007 e abril/2010. Os registros continham todas as informações utilizadas para calcular o MagedanzSCORE. O desfecho de interesse foi mediastinite. Foram calculados sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo, concordância e acurácia. A acurácia do modelo foi avaliada pelo ROC (receiver operating characteristic curve). RESULTADOS: A incidência de mediastinite foi de 5,6%, com uma taxa de letalidade de 32,1%. Na análise univariada, as cinco variáveis do MagedanzSCORE foram preditoras de mediastinite no pós-operatório: doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (OR 6,42; IC 95,0% 2,76-14,96; P<0,001), obesidade (OR 3,06; IC 95,0% 1,32-7,09; P=0,009), reintervenção cirúrgica (OR 82,40; IC 95,0% 30,40-223,30; p<0,001), transfusões múltiplas (OR 3,33; IC 95,0% 1,52-7,29; P=0,003) e angina estável classe IV ou instável (OR 2,59; IC 95,0% 1,19-7,64; P=0,016) de acordo com a Sociedade Canadense de Cardiologia. O escore teve uma sensibilidade de 96,4%, especificidade de 90,0%, valor preditivo positivo de 36,5%, valor preditivo negativo de 99,8% e 90,4% de concordância. A acurácia medida pela área sob a curva ROC foi 96,2% (IC 95,0% 94,5%-97,9%). CONCLUSÕES: O MagedanzSCORE provou ser um índice simples e objetivo, revelando-se um preditor satisfatório de desenvolvimento de mediastinite no pós-operatório de pacientes submetidos à CRM em nossa instituição.

Skeletonized left internal thoracic artery is associated with lower rates of mediastinitis in diabetic patients / Artéria torácica interna esquerda esqueletizada é associada a menores taxas de mediastinite em diabéticos

BACKGROUND: Mediastinitis is a serious complication of median sternotomy and is associated to significant morbidity and mortality. Diabetes is a feared risk factor for mediastinitis and viewed with caution by cardiovascular surgeons. OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for mediastinitis in diabetics undergoing CABG surgery with use of unilateral ITA in the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE. METHODS: Retrospective study of 157 diabetics operated between May 2007 and April 2010. Nine preoperative variables, five intraoperative variables and seven postoperative variables possibly involved in the development of postoperative mediastinitis were evaluated. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied. RESULTS: The incidence of mediastinitis was 7 percent (n=11), with a lethality rate of 36.1 percent (n=4). Variables associated with increased risk of mediastinitis were: use of pedicled ITA (OR 8.25, 95 percent CI 2.03 to 66.10, P=0.016), postoperative renal complications (OR 5.10, 95 percent CI 1.03 to 25.62, P=0.049) and re-operation (OR 7.45, 95 percent CI 1.24 to 42.17, P=0.023). In multivariate analysis using backward logistic regression, only one variable remained as independent risk factor: use of pedicled ITA (OR 7.64, 95 percent CI 1.95 to 61.6, P=0.048), in comparison to skeletonized ITA. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that diabetics should be considered for strategies to minimize risk of infection. In diabetics that undergo unilateral ITA, the problem seems to be related to how ITA is harvested. Diabetics should always be considered for use of skeletonized ITA.

INTRODUÇÃO: Mediastinite é uma complicação séria da esternotomia mediana e está associada a significativa morbidade e mortalidade. Diabetes é um temido fator de risco para mediastinite, visto com cautela pelos cirurgiões cardiovasculares. OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores de risco para mediastinite em diabéticos submetidos à CRM com uso unilateral da ATI na Divisão de Cirurgia Cardiovascular do Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 157 pacientes diabéticos operados entre maio de 2007 e abril de 2010. Nove variáveis pré-operatórias, cinco variáveis intraoperatórias e sete variáveis pós-operatórias possivelmente envolvidas no desenvolvimento de mediastinite foram avaliadas. Análises univariada e multivariada por regressão logística foram aplicadas. RESULTADOS: A incidência de mediastinite foi de 7 por cento (n=11), com taxa de letalidade de 36,1 por cento (n=4). Variáveis associadas com maior risco de mediastinite foram: uso de ATI pediculada (OR 8,25, IC 95 por cento 2,03-66,10, P=0,016), complicações renais (OR 5,10, IC 95 por cento 1,03-25,62, P = 0,049) e reoperação (OR 7,45, IC 95 por cento 1,24-42,17, P=0,023). Na análise multivariada por regressão logística, apenas uma variável permaneceu como fator independente de risco: uso ATI pediculada (OR 7,64, IC 95 por cento 1,95-61,6, P = 0,048), em comparação à ATI esqueletizada. CONCLUSÕES: Sugerimos que diabéticos devem ser considerados para estratégias de minimização do risco de infecção. Nos diabéticos que recebem ATI unilateral, o problema parece estar relacionado à forma como a ATI é dissecada. Diabéticos devem sempre ser considerados para utilização da ATI esqueletizada.

Risk factors for mediastinitis after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery / Fatores de risco para mediastinite após cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica

OBJECTIVE: Mediastinitis is a serious complication of median sternotomy and is associated to significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to identify risk factors for mediastinitis in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), without the use of bilateral internal thoracic artery (ITA), at the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE. METHODS: A retrospective study of 500 consecutive patients operated on between May 2007 and April 2010. Ten preoperative variables, seven intraoperative variables and seven postoperative variables possibly involved in the development of postoperative mediastinitis were evaluated. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: The incidence of mediastinitis was 5.6% (n=28), with a lethality rate of 32.1% (n=9). In multivariate analysis using logistic regression, five variables remained as independent risk factors: obesity (OR 2.60, 95% CI 1.11 to 6.68), diabetes (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.18 to 6.65), smoking (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.12 to 4.67), use of pedicled internal thoracic artery (OR 5.17, 95% CI 1.45 to 18.42) and on-pump CABG (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.14 to 5.85). CONCLUSION: This study identified the following independent risk factors for mediastinitis after CABG: obesity, diabetes, smoking, use of pedicled ITA and on-pump CABG.

OBJETIVO: A mediastinite é uma complicação grave da esternotomia mediana, estando associada a significativa morbidade e mortalidade. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar fatores de risco para mediastinite em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM), sem o uso bilateral da artéria torácica interna (ATI), na Divisão de Cirurgia Cardiovascular do Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo compreendendo 500 pacientes consecutivos operados entre maio de 2007 e abril de 2010. Avaliaram-se 10 variáveis pré-operatórias, sete variáveis intraoperatórias e sete variáveis pós-operatórias possivelmente implicadas no desenvolvimento de mediastinite. Aplicaram-se análises univariada e multivariada por regressão logística. RESULTADOS: A incidência de mediastinite foi de 5,6% (n = 28), com taxa de letalidade de 32,1% (n = 9). Na análise multivariada por regressão logística, cinco variáveis permaneceram como fatores de risco independentes: obesidade (OR 2,60; IC 95% 1,1-6,68), diabetes (OR 2,71; IC 95% 1,18-6,65), tabagismo (OR 2,10; IC 95% 1,12-4,67), uso de ATI pediculada (OR 5,17; IC 95% 1,45-18,42) e CRM com circulação extracorpórea (OR 2,26, IC 95% 1,14-5,85). CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo identificou os seguintes fatores de risco independentes para mediastinite após CRM: obesidade, diabetes, tabagismo, uso de ATI pediculada e CRM com circulação extracorpórea.

Predictors of transfusion of packed red blood cells in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.

OBJECTIVES: Finding predictors of blood transfusion may facilitate the most efficient approach for the use of blood bank services in coronary artery bypass grafting procedures. The aim of this retrospective study is to identify preoperative and intraoperative patient characteristics predicting the need for blood transfusion during or after CABG in our local cardiac surgical service. METHODS: 435 patients undergoing isolated first-time CABG were reviewed for their preoperative and intraoperative variables and analyzed postoperative data. Patients were 255 males and 180 females, with mean age 62.01 ± 10.13 years. Regression logistic analysis was used for identifying the strongest perioperative predictors of blood transfusion. RESULTS: Blood transfusion was used in 263 patients (60.5%). The mean number of transfused blood products units per patient was 2.27 ± 3.07 (0-23) units. The total number of transfused units of blood products was 983. Univariate analysis identified age >65 years, weight <70 Kg, body mass index <25 Kg/m2, hemoglobin <13mg/dL, hematocrit < 40% and ejection fraction <50%, use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), not using an internal thoracic artery as a bypass, and multiple bypasses as significant predictors. The strongest predictors using multivariate analysis were hematocrit < 40% (OR 2.58; CI 1.62-4.15; P<0.001), CPB use (OR 2.00; CI 1.27-3.17; P=0.003) and multiple bypasses (OR 2.31; CI 1.31-4.08; P=0.036). CONCLUSIONS: The identification of these risk factors leads to better identification of patients with a greater probability of using blood, allocation blood bank resources and cost-effectiveness use of blood products.

Skeletonized internal thoracic artery is associated with lower rates of mediastinitis in elderly undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mediastinitis is a serious complication of median sternotomy and is associated to significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to identify which option of harvesting internal thoracic artery (ITA), pedicled or skeletonized, is associated with lower rates of mediastinitis after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG) in elderly, in the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of PROCAPE. METHODS: Retrospective study of 160 elderly who underwent consecutive CABG between May 2007 and June 2011. Eleven preoperative variables, four intraoperative variables and eight postoperative variables possibly involved in the development of postoperative mediastinitis were evaluated between two groups: CABG with skeletonized ITA (n=80) and pedicled ITA (n=80). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied. RESULTS: The incidence of mediastinitis was 6.8% (n=11), with a lethality rate of 54.5% (n=6). The skeletonized ITA group were more exposed than pedicled ITA group to obesity (n=12 vs. n=4; 15% vs. 5%; P=0.035) and multiple transfusions (n=25 vs. n=11; 31.2% vs. 13.7%; P=0.008). The pedicled ITA group presented a greater risk of mediastinitis after CABG than skeletonized ITA group (n=10 vs. n=1; 12.5% vs. 1.2%; Unadjusted OR 11.3; 95% CI 1.4 - 241.5; P=0.008). In multivariate analysis, this difference maintained statistically significant (Adjusted OR 5.2; 95% CI 1.5-495.8; P=0.012), being considered an independent association. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that elderly should be considered for strategies to minimize risk of infection. In elderly that undergo unilateral ITA, the problem seems to be related to how ITA is harvested. Elderly should always be considered for use of skeletonized ITA.

EuroSCORE e mortalidade em cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica no Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco / EuroSCORE and mortality in coronary artery bypass graft surgery at Pernambuco Cardiologic Emergency Medical Services [Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco]

OBJETIVOS: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a aplicabilidade do EuroSCORE em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica na Divisão de Cirurgia Cardiovascular do Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo envolvendo 500 pacientes operados entre maio de 2007 a abril de 2010. Os registros continham todas as informações utilizadas para calcular o EuroSCORE. O desfecho de interesse foi óbito. Análises univariada e multivariada por regressão logística backward foram aplicadas para verificar associação entre cada variável do EuroSCORE e ocorrência de óbito. Foram calculadas medidas de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo. O poder de concordância do EuroSCORE entre mortalidade prevista e observada foi mensurado por meio do índice Kappa. A acurácia do modelo foi avaliada por meio da curva ROC (receiver operating characteristic). RESULTADOS: A ocorrência de morte foi de 13 por cento (n=65). Na análise multivariada, nove fatores permaneceram como preditores independentes de morte: doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, creatinina >2,3mg/dL, endocardite ativa, estado crítico no pré-operatório, angina instável, fração de ejeção de 30 por cento-50 por cento, infarto agudo do miocárdio <90 dias, cirurgia de emergência e cirurgia adicional. O escore obteve sensibilidade de 88,4 por cento, especificidade de 79,3 por cento, valor preditivo positivo de 40,7 por cento, valor preditivo negativo de 97,7 por cento e 80,6 por cento de concordância. A acurácia mensurada pela área sob a curva ROC foi de 0,892 (IC 95 por cento 0,862-0,922). CONCLUSÕES: O EuroSCORE mostrou-se um índice simples e objetivo, revelando-se um discriminador satisfatório de evolução pós-operatória em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica em nossa instituição.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the applicability of EuroSCORE in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery at the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pernambuco Cardiologic Emergency Medical Services - PROCAPE. METHODS: A retrospective study involving 500 patients operated between May 2007 and April 2010. The registers contained all the information used to calculate the EuroSCORE. The outcome of interest was death. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis by backward logistic regression were applied to assess the association between each variable in the EuroSCORE and deaths. The following parameters were calculated: sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. The power of concordance between the predicted mortality by the EuroSCORE and the observed mortality was measured using the Kappa coefficient. The accuracy of the model was evaluated by the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve. RESULTS: The incidence of death was 13 percent. In multivariate analysis, nine variables remained independent predictors of death: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, creatinine >2,3mg/dL, active endocarditis, preoperative critical state, unstable angina, ejection fraction 30 percent to 50 percent, acute myocardial infarction < 90 days, emergency surgery and additional surgery. The score had a sensitivity of 88.4 percent, specificity of 79.3 percent, positive predictive value of 40.7 percent, negative predictive value of 97.7 percent and 80.6 percent concordance. The accuracy measured by the area under the ROC curve was 0.892 (95 percent CI 0.862-0.922). CONCLUSIONS: The EuroSCORE proved to be a simple and objective index, revealing a satisfactory discriminator of postoperative evolution in patients undergoing CABG surgery at our institution.

EuroSCORE and mortality in coronary artery bypass graft surgery at Pernambuco Cardiologic Emergency Medical Services [Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the applicability of EuroSCORE in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery at the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pernambuco Cardiologic Emergency Medical Services--PROCAPE. METHODS: A retrospective study involving 500 patients operated between May 2007 and April 2010. The registers contained all the information used to calculate the EuroSCORE. The outcome of interest was death. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis by backward logistic regression were applied to assess the association between each variable in the EuroSCORE and deaths. The following parameters were calculated: sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. The power of concordance between the predicted mortality by the EuroSCORE and the observed mortality was measured using the Kappa coefficient. The accuracy of the model was evaluated by the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve. RESULTS: The incidence of death was 13%. In multivariate analysis, nine variables remained independent predictors of death: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, creatinine >2,3mg/dL, active endocarditis, preoperative critical state, unstable angina, ejection fraction 30% to 50%, acute myocardial infarction < 90 days, emergency surgery and additional surgery. The score had a sensitivity of 88.4%, specificity of 79.3%, positive predictive value of 40.7%, negative predictive value of 97.7% and 80.6% concordance. The accuracy measured by the area under the ROC curve was 0.892 (95% CI 0.862-0.922). CONCLUSIONS: The EuroSCORE proved to be a simple and objective index, revealing a satisfactory discriminator of postoperative evolution in patients undergoing CABG surgery at our institution.